Aspartame
tTOo
Feeling
forgetful? You might not be having a "senior moment" after all,
especially if you're a fan of diet cola.
New
research suggests that people who consume a lot of the artificial sweetener
aspartame -- commonly known by its brand name, NutraSweet -- are more likely to
suspect they have memory problems.
But
representatives of NutraSweet's maker maintain there's no evidence that the
sweetener does anything to affect memory.
Because
aspartame long has been blamed for memory problems, researchers at Texas
Christian University decided to take another look at the sweetener and its
effects on people, says Timothy Barth, a psychology professor and director of
the university's neuroscience department. Previous studies, he says, had not
proven a link.
"There's
been this void, this big divide between what the people have said they're
experiencing and what the laboratory studies have been able to show,"
Barth says.
The
idea was to determine if aspartame users were likely to complain about memory
problems or if previous reports just came from a so-called "noisy
minority," he says.
Researchers
questioned 90 male and female students, from age 18 to the early 30s. "You
wouldn't think there would be any serious memory problems within these
people," Barth says. "They're all here, getting through their courses
reasonably well, at least most of them are."
Some
participants were heavy users of aspartame products, such as diet colas or the
sugar substitute Equal. All participants were given standard memory tests.
Responses
on the questionnaires indicated that the students who used the most aspartame
were the most likely to think they had problems with what's known as episodic
memory.
That's
the ability to remember having accomplished a task earlier, Barth says.
"You might be reading an article in a newspaper and realize you already
read it," he explains. "It could be that you're ready to give your
child medicine, and you think you did it about 30 minutes ago."
But
several things could explain why the aspartame-using students reported memory
problems, he says.
"The
fact that they think they have a memory problem doesn't mean they do have a
memory problem," he emphasized.
n perhaps because they're more
likely to be dieters trying to lose weight and more likely to criticize
themselves, he says.
n
"It
may be that people who decide to consume aspartame are of a certain personality
type," he adds. "The next series of studies will try to give tests of
self-esteem and mood."
Also,
he cautions that it's difficult to measure episodic memory using tests, adding
that more research will need to be done in that area. Results of the latest
study were presented to the Society of Neuroscience earlier this month in New
Orleans.
Dr.
Harriett H. Butchko, NutraSweet's vice president of medical and scientific
affairs, downplayed the significance of Barth's findings, saying other, more
sophisticated research has yielded different results.
"The
results of [other] studies clearly demonstrated that aspartame, even in amounts
well above those typically consumed from products, has no effect on
memory," Butchko says.
Aspartame
is digested into its three components _ the amino acids aspartic acid and
phenylalanine, and methanol -- but the body gets these components in much
higher quantities from ordinary foods, she says.
According
to the NutraSweet company, aspartame is manufactured mainly from amino acids,
which make up protein. While it has about the same caloric makeup as sugar, it
is much sweeter, meaning that much less is required to sweeten a food or drink.
Paul
Spiers, a neuropsychologist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has
studied aspartame and found no link to memory loss. One of his studies was
funded by the parent company of NutraSweet, but Spiers denies any conflict of
interest.
"I
know from our own research that students drink aspartame when they're under
stress," Spiers says. "They often drink Diet Coke for the caffeine,
but don't want to gain weight. They're writing papers, and if you're writing
three papers that you haven't done all semester, it's hard to keep track of
what you're doing and what you're writing."
The
Regardless
of whether the findings have been accepted by others, TCU students who
participated in the research seem to have reached a consensus on its use in
their own lives.
Diet
soft drinks seem to have vanished from Barth's lab. Students simply stopped
drinking them during the study, he says.
Short-term
use of aspartame may be OK, he says, but studies have not investigated exposure
over many years. "There is a potential [for harm] there," Barth says.
"If you don't have to take that chance, why take it?"